There are also studies in economics that look at the positives and negatives of pollination, focused on bees, and how the process affects the pollinators themselves. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology. It is important in horticulture and agriculture, because fruiting is dependent on fertilisation: the result of pollination. The pollination process as an interaction between flower and pollen vector was first addressed in the 18th century by Christian Konrad Sprengel. The study of pollination spans many disciplines, such as botany, horticulture, entomology, and ecology. Two main modes of fertilisation are found in gymnosperms: cycads and Ginkgo have motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule, whereas conifers and gnetophytes have sperm that are unable to swim but are conveyed to the egg along a pollen tube. Details of the process vary according to the division of gymnosperms in question. In gymnosperms, the ovule is not contained in a carpel, but exposed on the surface of a dedicated support organ, such as the scale of a cone, so that the penetration of carpel tissue is unnecessary. This process would result in the production of a seed, made of both nutritious tissues and embryo. After entering an ovum cell through the micropyle, one male nucleus fuses with the polar bodies to produce the endosperm tissues, while the other fuses with the ovule to produce the embryo. Its two gametes travel down the tube to where the gametophyte(s) containing the female gametes are held within the carpel. In angiosperms, after the pollen grain ( gametophyte) has landed on the stigma, it germinates and develops a pollen tube which grows down the style until it reaches an ovary. When pollination occurs between species, it can produce hybrid offspring in nature and in plant breeding work. Pollination often occurs within a species. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats water wind and even plants themselves, when self-pollination occurs within a closed flower.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Female carpenter bee with pollen collected from a night-blooming cereus
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